RIGHTS:
Preventing the Prevention of Genocide
Ritt Goldstein
The first intergovernmental conference on
genocide to be held since 1948 ended this week in Stockholm with political
fireworks within the conference hall marking its finish.
STOCKHOLM, Jan 30 (IPS) - Before representatives from 55 nations, former Australian foreign minister
Gareth Evans said U.S. officials had been using the conference to lobby against
the International Criminal Court (ICC), the very body created to try crimes
against humanity like genocide. The United States has withdrawn from the
Rome Treaty of 1998 that created the ICC.
"I'm distressed to hear that the same old squeeze has been put on the national
delegations all over again at this conference," Evans said. "And in the otherwise
admirable declaration we have emerging from it there is no mention of the
International Criminal Court...this is just indefensible."
Evans continued to berate the Bush administration for blocking global efforts
to create such accountability structures. His remarks were greeted with
thunderous ovation.
The dramatic intervention highlighted the challenge before the Stockholm
International Forum 2004, as the conference was called. The meeting Jan. 26-
28 drew political leaders, officials, academics and members of non-
governmental organisations. The Swedish government hosted the conference.
On the one hand United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan drew support
for his proposal to set up a committee on the prevention of genocide. On the
other, delegates saw just what could be preventing the prevention of genocide.
Annan pointed to tragedies spawned by a lack of political will. He said there
had been deliberate efforts to mislabel genocide, and that some states "even
refused to call it by its name, to avoid fulfilling their obligations."
Annan said a special rapporteur should be created along with the committee
on the prevention of genocide, the rapporteur reporting "directly to the Security
Council."
Genocide is a threat that must be addressed with "strong and united political
action and, in extreme cases, by military action," he said. But cutting to the crux
of the issue,
Annan asked: "The question is, do we have the will?"
Secretary-general of the International Committee of the Red Cross Jakob
Kellenberger also saw a "lack of will to act." The U.S.-based Human Rights
Watch (HRW) endorsed Annan's proposal. It said a key facet of the initiative is
that no one "would be able to say they didn't know."
Describing the slaughter of between 800,000 and a million people in Rwanda
in 1994, Annan said "a lack of resources and a lack of will to take on the
commitment which would have been necessary" created conditions for the
disaster.
"Instead of reinforcing our troops, we withdrew them," Annan said. "The
gravest mistakes were made by member states, particularly in the way decisions
were taken in the Security Council."
While Annan and others spoke of the "responsibility" of humanitarian
intervention, a current of concern ran through this. Annan emphasised the
imperative for "clear ground rules to distinguish between genuine threats of
genocide, which require a military solution, and other situations where force
would not be legitimate."
In the light of such concerns, the conference debated whether terrorism and
weapons of mass destruction were 'genocidal' threats, casting the shadow of the
war on terror over discussions.
'Genocide; a background paper' commissioned by the Swedish Government
from Sweden's Lund University raised further questions.
The paper asked if "the very structure of modern bureaucratic society is the
root cause of the genocidal impulse." The paper paralleled questions examined
by U.S. political scientist and philosopher Hannah Arendt in her book 'Eichmann
in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil' (Adolf Eichmann was a Nazi
colonel executed for transporting countless Jews to extermination camps).
The authors of the Lund university paper, professors of history Kristian Gerner
and Klas-Göran Karlsson, examined how a "pliant bureaucracy" equipped with
administrative and weapons technology can come to "solve what were seen as
acute political and social problems by murdering human beings on a mass
scale."
Gerner and Karlsson noted such developments in Rwanda. They also pointed
out that after Vietnam invaded Cambodia, ending the 1975-1979 genocide
which claimed more than 1.6 million lives, the "United Nations, the United States
and China continued to recognise the Khmer Rouge (which was responsible for
the genocide) as Cambodia's legitimate government."
The U.S. delegation raised the issue of action against "recurring atrocities" in
southern Sudan and the eastern and Ituri regions of the Democratic Republic of
the Congo. Both the Congolese regions and southern Sudan are rich in oil,
casting a less than altruistic light on the Bush Administration motives.
In the closing minutes of the conference, Swedish Prime Minister Göran
Persson emphasised the need for UN revision and renewal to safeguard
multilateralism and the rights of the weak. "If we fail, then we will see the
multilateral UN becoming weaker and weaker.and I fear such a situation," he
said (END/2004)
