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LATIN AMERICA: Long List of Ex-Presidents Face Corruption Charges - Report
By Diego Cevallos
MEXICO CITY, Oct 20 (IPS) - Never before has such a large number of former
and current presidents faced corruption charges in Latin America, a region
with serious graft problems, according to the new Transparency International
report released Wednesday.
The long list includes two serving presidents facing charges, as well as
former leaders who have served time in prison, are now behind bars, are
under prosecution, or are the target of suspicions and about to be tried.
The Germany-based Transparency International (TI), the global
anti-corruption watchdog, put out its annual report, the Corruption
Perceptions Index 2004 (CPI), on Wednesday.
In this year's report, which ranked 146 countries on a scale of zero
(absolute corruption) to 10 (squeaky clean), Chile and Uruguay were given
the highest scores in Latin America (7.5 and 6.2, respectively).
The rest of the nations in the region were assigned scores of 4.9 or lower,
with Haiti bringing up the rear with 1.5.
The CPI is based on 18 surveys from 12 independent institutions, which were
carried out among local and expatriate business people and country analysts.
TI says no country was included in the ranking with results from less than
three surveys.
"Latin America is marked by corruption, but there are signs that efforts to
fight the problem have had some success," Arturo del Castillo, director of
CIE Consulting & Research, which specialises in the fight against
corruption, told IPS.
The Mexican analyst said the wave of accusations against governments and
ex-presidents is a demonstration that progress is being made. He added that
never before have so many former Latin American presidents faced charges
that have either been proven or are under investigation.
The list began to grow in 1992, when a corruption scandal triggered mass
protests in Brazil, forcing then president Fernando Collor de Mello to step
down, said del Castillo.
Brazil received a CPI score of 3.9.
Topping the list of the accused is current Nicaraguan President Enrique
Bolaños. The comptroller-general's office in that Central American country
is demanding that he be removed from office because of his resistance to
explaining the origin of huge sums of money held in bank accounts that
helped finance his campaign in 2001.
Bolaños succeeded Arnoldo Alemán (1997-2002), who was convicted in late 2003
and sentenced to 20 years in prison for money laundering.
A similar problem is faced by Costa Rican President Abel Pacheco, who has
been at the centre of an investigation since 2003, also because of
supposedly illegal campaign financing.
Costa Rica received a CPI score of 4.9 and neighbouring Nicaragua just 2.7.
Pacheco's predecessor, Miguel Angel Rodríguez (1998-2002), who was appointed
head of the Organisation of American States (OAS) on Sep. 15 and was forced
to resign from that post less than a month later, is accused of receiving a
kickback during his presidential term, in a telecommunications deal
involving the French firm Alcatel.
Rodríguez was immediately handcuffed and arrested when he returned to his
country after resigning as OAS chief.
Another former president in Costa Rica, Rafael Calderón (1990-1994), is
barred from leaving the country until an investigation of his alleged
participation in a corruption case involving Social Security funds is
completed.
In the case of Bolaños in Nicaragua, the OAS decided to intervene, sending a
special mission this week to try to prevent an institutional crisis, because
the opposition, which has a majority in Congress, has the power to remove
him.
"For the political opposition it is always tempting to cry 'corruption' and
mount an attack," said del Castillo. "It is important to treat this question
with great care, because the idea of fighting corruption should not reach
the extreme of putting the institutions into continuous crises, which
doesn't help anyone."
The analyst said the origin of the wave of accusations against former and
acting presidents lies in the increased public awareness on the social
problems generated by corruption, new anti-corruption laws and international
conventions, and the watchdog role that has increasingly been assumed by the
media.
In Argentina, which was given a CPI score of just 2.5, former president
Carlos Menem (1989-1999) is under prosecution in connection with several
cases.
Menem, who already spent several months under house arrest in 2001, now
lives in Chile and is facing an international arrest warrant after refusing
to testify.
A survey carried out by KPMG, an international audit, tax and advisory firm,
among 1,000 business people, university deans, civil society leaders and
public employees from all three branches of the state, indicates that
corruption levels in Argentina today are the lowest in 20 years.
Another former president who may soon be tried is Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
in Bolivia, who was forced to resign in October 2003 by a month-long popular
revolt triggered by plans to export natural gas to the United States and
Mexico under conditions that were opposed by the public.
He is accused of being responsible for the deaths of nearly 70 protesters
who were killed after he called the army out to quash the demonstrations. On
Oct. 14, parliament authorised the Supreme Court to try the ex-president,
who is living in the United States.
Bolivia scored 2.2 on the TI report.
In Chile, the country with the lowest level of corruption in Latin America
according to TI, former dictator Augusto Pinochet (1973-1990) is facing
charges for illicit enrichment, besides the multiple lawsuits for crimes
against humanity. He is under investigation for eight million dollars found
in secret bank accounts in the United States.
More former leaders face prosecution for corruption in Ecuador, meanwhile,
than in any other country in the region. The Andean nation was given a score
of 2.4 by TI.
Abdalá Bucaram, who was impeached and removed from office by Congress in
1997 in the midst of a huge popular uprising, is living in Panama, although
the case against him for embezzlement of public funds continues.
Fabián Alarcón, who replaced Bucaram as interim president from 1997 to 1998,
is under investigation, and spent six months under arrest in connection with
alleged irregularities in hiring public officials.
He was succeeded by Jamil Mahuad (1998-2000), who was toppled by social
protests led by the country's well-organised indigenous groups.
Since he was replaced by his vice-president, Gustavo Noboa (2000-2003),
Mahuad has been living in the United States. He is still under prosecution
for abuse of functions.
Noboa also ended up fleeing the country after he was accused of corrupt
handling of public funds. He is living in the Dominican Republic, where he
was given political asylum.
Another ex-president in trouble is Alfonso Portillo (2000-2004) in
Guatemala, a country that ranked 2.2 on the TI scale.
Portillo settled in Mexico after he was accused of opening several bank
accounts with public funds. Prosecutors report that they are preparing to
ask for his extradition.
In the Caribbean, former Haitian president Jean Bertrand Aristide, whose
term was cut short in February in the midst of looting and violence and U.S.
intervention, is accused by opposition groups of corruption and political
violence.
Haiti, which scored 1.5, shares the last spot, 145, on TI's global ranking
with Bangladesh.
In Paraguay, which scored 1.9, Juan Carlos Wasmosy, who governed from 1993
to 1998, was convicted in April 2002 and sentenced to four years in prison
for irregularities. However, he was absolved by an appeals court in
September.
Raúl Cubas, who succeeded him until 1999, was also denounced for the misuse
of public funds after he was forced to step down by social unrest in the
wake of the assassination of vice-president Luis María Argaña and the
killings of seven young protesters in March 1999.
Cubas fled to Brazil, but returned to Paraguay in 2002, where he faced
prosecution.
Cubas' successor until 2003, Luis González Macchi, is also being tried, for
the alleged diversion of 16 million dollars from banks that had gone under.
The list is completed by former presidents of Peru (which scored 3.5) and
Venezuela (2.3). Former Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori (1990-2000), who
has lived in Japan since he faxed his resignation from that country, is
facing an extradition request based on accusations of crimes against
humanity and embezzlement of public funds.
Carlos Andrés Pérez, who governed Venezuela from 1974 to 1979 and from 1989
to 1993, was sentenced to house arrest for the misappropriation of public
funds.
Del Castillo said this long list of former and current leaders shows that
corruption can no longer be hidden so easily in this region.
(END/2004)
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