On any given day, a pall of smog and dust hangs over Kabul’s streets. It clings to the face, burns the eyes, and stains the hands. It bathes the cars, often stuck bumper-to-bumper in traffic, and occludes the view of the distant mountains.

Smog over Kabul Credit: Anand Gopal/IPS

“My friends and I prefer to stay indoors whenever we meet,” says Kabul resident Habib Zahori, “because we can’t stand the air outside.”

The biggest killer in Kabul may not be the Taliban, but air pollution. Experts consider Kabul to be one of the most polluted cities in the world, and the scale of the problem has prompted a widespread government campaign.

“Air pollution is just a huge problem here,” says Amanullah Hosseini, the director for environmental health in the Afghan ministry of public health. “It leads to so many diseases – respiratory diseases, allergies, miscarriages and even cancer.”

The ministry estimates that some 3,000 people die from pollution-induced illnesses in Kabul yearly making them the biggest cause of natural death in this city of five million. And according to the National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA), a government body, nearly 80 percent of Kabul’s hospital patients suffer from diseases caused by polluted air and water.

With an increase in exposure of 10 micrograms per cubic metre in the level of small particulate matter (air particles of 2.5 micrometres or smaller), “there is a six percent increase in cardiovascular deaths and an eight percent increase in deaths from lung cancer per year,” states a recent report from the ministry of health.

Kabul has three times the amount of particulate matter per cubic metre than cities in neighbouring countries, according to NEPA.

And the gap is even wider in comparison to industrialised countries. A measure of nitrogen dioxide, a dangerous substance, registers a level of 52 parts-per-million, whereas the same reading in the United States shows a level of 0.53 parts-per-million.

In the 1980s, Kabul was a quaint city with lush greenery and clean mountain air. But years of war, the crumbling of public services and population explosion have plunged the city to the depths of environmental pollution rarely seen elsewhere in the world.

The biggest culprits are the 900,000 vehicles that clog the city streets, says Dad Muhammad Baheer, NEPA’s deputy director. “More than 80 percent of these are older than ten years,” he says. Most in the city cannot afford newer cars, and the old cars lack catalytic converters and other technological improvements that limit harmful emissions.

And the cars travel over mostly filthy, unpaved roads, as most of Kabul’s streets are not asphalted. Vehicles kick up large amounts of dust that hovers for days, until the next rainfall, posing an immense hazard to pedestrians.

In addition, Afghanistan imports very low-quality fuel, dubbed “dirty fuel” by government officials. The exhaust from these fuels pile pollutants into the atmosphere, including lead. According to NEPA, a randomly selected sample of 200 people found 80 percent had high levels of lead in their blood.

“I know this fuel causes problems in the air,” says Sayed Farhad, a petrol station owner. “My eyes burn at the end of the day. But I have to make a living.”

Much of the country’s petrol comes from Turkmenistan to the north and Iran to the west, and merchants import the lowest grade available to maximise profits. “Our business people want to make more money,” says Baheer. “They don’t pay any attention to people’s lives. They just want to benefit themselves.”

Kabul’s many powerless nights – electricity is still intermittent here – spark the widespread usage of diesel generators. NEPA estimates that over 200,000 such generators are droning on any given night, infusing the air with still more pollutants.

Another problem is Kabul’s swollen population – the city was designed for 500,000 but houses close to five million, many of whom are refugees who returned after the fall of the Taliban to United States-led troops in November 2001.

Kabul produces nearly 2,000 tons of solid waste a day when the capacity for dealing with it is 400 tons, says Baheer.

In addition, “Kabul is the only capital in the world that I know of that lacks a sewage system,” he says.

The scale of the problem is so great that President Hamid Karzai recently formed a special task force to tackle it. NEPA is leading a group of ministries in an attempt to address the causes of the pollution, starting with the dirty fuel that is imported into the country.

New government regulations are on the cards to prevent traders from importing substandard fuel. A delegation has also visited the petroleum ministry of Turkmenistan and extracted a promise to help curb the practice from that side of the border.

The government is also setting up monitoring stations on the border to inspect all inbound vehicles and ensure that they meet emissions standards. “Next, we are planning to check vehicles that are already here in the country,” says Baheer. “We will study the emissions and ask the owners of those vehicles to upgrade their cars.”

The Kabul city government is also launching a drive to cut down on other pollutants, such as the ubiquitous wood-burning stoves throughout the city, mostly used for making bread. Officials say that more than 2,400 bakeries in the city use such stoves, and typically around such installations soot-ridden smoke billows into the air.

A more fundamental solution, analysts say, is a comprehensive urban planning programme for the city. Kabul today is a sprawl of open sewers, illegal settlements, squatters, garbage-strewn streets and standstill traffic from the many closed roads. The city has not had a comprehensive plan to assimilate the millions of new residents, says Baheer, and without one tackling air pollution will remain an uphill struggle.

Meanwhile, one of the most common sights on Kabul’s streets is street vendors and security guards with their mouths and noses swaddled in scarves.

“If I had a wish list,” says Zahori, “breathing clean air would be near the top.”

(*This story is part of a series of features on sustainable development by IPS – Inter Press Service and IFEJ – International Federation of Environmental Journalists, for the Alliance of Communicators for Sustainable Development).

By Anand Gopal
KABUL, Mar 9 2009 (IPS)

Afghanistan has one of the highest percentages of female lawmakers in the world but their voices are rarely heard. A new political party, National Need, devoted to women’s rights, has announced plans to run for the next parliamentary polls. IPS spoke to its head, Fatima Nazari, member of parliament (MP) from Kabul province.

Fatima Nazari: "U.S. has supported Mujahideen warlords" Credit: Anand Gopal/IPS

IPS: What are the biggest challenges facing female lawmakers in Afghanistan?. Fatima Nazari: The two main problems we face are the lack of a funds and the prevalence of Mujahedeen. Most of the time, (the mujahedeen) suffocate our voices. They don’t give us a chance to talk, and whenever they speak, the parliamentary authorities allow it. The parliament never listens to our suggestions. I’ve always been intimidated by the jihadi leaders in our parliament. Once, for example, (Haji Mohammed) Mohaqeq and (Abdul Rab Rasul) Sayaff (two notorious mujahedeen warlords turned parliamentarians) wanted to speak about some issue, and they were allowed to speak three times. But we never got a chance to speak.

Unfortunately, the U.S. has focused a lot attention and support on these mujahedeen warlords. They should listen more to the people, not to a bunch of former warlords. People don’t want to see these jihadi leaders in power. When the U.S. invaded, people were hoping to be released from the grip of these jihadis. But it never happened.

IPS: Afghanistan is an extremely male-dominated society. How do you and other female MPs try to fight this? FN: Men have the main role in our society, especially in the provinces. This means we usually need to take the permission of our husband or brother to do anything at all. In some cities, such as Kabul, where some women have come back from abroad, they don’t face this problem. But for most women this is a major issue.

They say in Islam that women have half of the rights of men. Islam also says that a woman should be treated this way because she is not the breadwinner of the family. Therefore a woman’s responsibility is much lower than a man’s. According to Islamic laws, a woman cannot be a leader. But look at me – I am leading a party! So these are the types of small steps we are taking. By leading this party, I hope to show the world that we are capable of doing the things that men can do.

IPS: The U.S. is planning to send thousands of more troops to the country. Do you support this? FN: I support more troops, but we should not forget that there should be a deadline for withdrawal. I think more troops will bring more security. We need these troops, but they should be deployed to places where they are needed – not in the cities and not near civilians. They should not come and go during the day because they will attract suicide bombs. When a suicide bomber blows himself up, he not only kills Americans, but it kills civilians in the area as well.

The U.S. forces should be briefed, so that they learn about the laws and regulations of Afghanistan, and so that they can learn about our religion and customs. They should be well-versed in the Geneva conventions as well.

IPS: The Karzai government wants to negotiate with the Taliban and Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. Do you support this? FN: We are not completely against this idea, the idea of sharing a government. But we don’t want the Taliban or Hekmatyar to be in the leadership positions of the government, such as president or vice president. They can be a part of the parliament.

IPS: Whom do you support in this summer’s presidential elections? FN: I don’t have any favourite candidate among those who have announced their intention to run. I think we should wait and see what every candidate’s agenda is. Most importantly, I am waiting to see what the candidates’ agendas are for improving the condition of women in this country.

So far, I think Hamid Karzai has done a lot for women. We’ll see what else he or other candidates offer. Whoever can offer a lot will win the rewards.

Also, we need to ensure that all candidates follow the Afghan constitution. According to the constitution, neither Hamid Karzai nor any other candidate or government official has the right to determine the date of the election. Karzai has been trying to change the election date, but he should respect the constitution of the country.

IPS: The Pakistani militants recently made a cease-fire agreement with militants in Swat valley. What effect will this have on Afghanistan? FN: It’s not only me – all women here in Afghanistan were shocked when we heard about the Swat issue. I think this is yet another mistake made by the Pakistani state, because the extremists can use it as a sanctuary and a safe haven. They can launch more attacks and send more insurgents into Afghanistan to fight the foreign and Afghan troops here.

As a woman, I am concerned that these militants have declared that women shouldn’t go to school. We hope this influence doesn’t come to Aghanistan.

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