Pablo Neruda taping his poems in the U.S. Library of Congress in 1966. Credit: Public domain

By Marianela Jarroud
SANTIAGO, Nov 11 2013 (IPS)

Ongoing efforts to determine the causes of the deaths of high-profile Chileans – singer-songwriter Víctor Jara, former presidents Eduardo Frei Montalva and Salvador Allende, and Nobel Literate Prize-winner Pablo Neruda – indirectly bring visibility to thousands of other victims of Chile’s 1973-1990 dictatorship.

“A search for the historical truth is being driven by penal proceedings,” Luis Emilio Rojas, director of the master’s programme in penal law at the Alberto Hurtado University, told IPS.

“While the goal is to determine criminal responsibility, the reopening of legal proceedings indirectly helps to establish the occurrence of events that are milestones in the history of Chile,” he added.

Human rights lawyer Eduardo Contreras was the first to file, in conjunction with the Association of Relatives of Politically Executed Persons (AFEP), a lawsuit to establish the cause of the death of socialist president Salvador Allende during the military’s bombing of the La Moneda presidential palace in the Sep. 11, 1973 coup.

Today Contreras is demanding clarification of the death of poet Pablo Neruda, which occurred on Sep. 23, 1973 – just 12 days after his close friend Allende was overthrown.

Neruda’s remains were exhumed in April from the final resting place he shared with his last wife, singer and writer Matilde Urrutia (1912-1985), at their home in Isla Negra, 110 km west of Santiago.

On Friday Nov. 8, seven months after the exhumation, the Forensic Medical Service reported that international forensic experts ruled out the presence of toxic chemical substances that could have caused Neruda’s death.

Contreras noted, however, that the forensic exams by Chilean and foreign experts were just the first part of the investigation. He said that on Monday Nov. 11 “we will request that other laboratories take part in the investigation, in search of toxicological agents that are biological, not chemical, in nature, such as sarin gas, mustard gas, or bacteria.”

Judge Mario Carroza, who investigated whether third parties were involved in the death of the 1971 Nobel laureate, said it could not yet be established judicially whether Neruda was killed or died of cancer 40 years ago.

If the results of the forensic experts do not satisfy all of the concerned parties, “we will have to look for other alternatives,” he added.

Neruda, who was 69 years old and was being treated for prostate cancer when he died, had been a member of the Communist Party of Chile for 28 years.

At the time of his death, he was getting ready to go into exile in Mexico, where he would have been a prominent voice of opposition against the dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet.

In the days before his death, Neruda was demoralised when his three houses were raided by agents of the dictatorship.

His most beloved home, in Isla Negra, was looted by the troops, who overturned his seashell and butterfly collections and destroyed paintings, his incomplete writings, and the books, masks, wooden carvings, bottles, pipes and ocean-related memorabilia that filled the shelves of nearly every room.

The military had all of his staff fired, and only his wife and his driver and personal secretary, Manuel Araya, were allowed to stay.

Although Neruda was being treated for prostate cancer, Araya alleges that he was killed by an injection to his stomach given by someone posing as a doctor in the private Santa María clinic on the supposed orders of the dictatorship.

Nine years later, former president Eduardo Frei Montalva (1964-1970) was killed in the same clinic, with a biological toxin, according to the legal investigation of his death.

Frei Montalva’s case shocked Chilean society, because it proved that the Pinochet regime had used toxins against its opponents. It also helped “raise awareness among some incredulous people,” AFEP president Alicia Lira told IPS.

But the perpetrators of abuses during the dictatorship still enjoy impunity, even though the regime’s human rights violations are now talked about openly, Lira said.

“There is impunity when many cases were closed by the military prosecutors office, which is both judge and plaintiff, and when more than 178 agents of the state who murdered and ‘disappeared’ people have not spent a single day in prison because of the application of ‘media prescripción’ [by which a sentence may be reduced when more than half the statute of limitation has elapsed] or because they were granted a suspended sentence,” she said.

Singer-songwriter and activist Víctor Jara was killed Sep. 15, 1973 while he was being held in Chile’s national stadium along with thousands of other opponents of the coup. His body showed signs of torture and was riddled with bullet wounds.

But it was not until 2008 that an investigation was launched into his death. The man accused of ordering his torture and firing the fatal shot, army Lieutenant Pedro Barrientos, is still at large, living a quiet life in the United States.

Contreras said it is a “moral duty” to investigate these deaths in the face of contradictory elements.

“Just as the law requires an inquiry into the death of a homeless man who dies of cold, which seems fair to me, why not investigate the death of a president? To me that is absolutely despicable,” he said, referring to Allende’s death.

For many years, doubts surrounded the death of Allende, who entrenched himself in the presidential palace along with a number of armed civilian supporters to resist the coup and the bombing of La Moneda. As a result of the lawsuit brought by Contreras, it was finally confirmed that he committed suicide.

In Neruda’s case there are also contradictions, which means “you are ethically and morally obligated to investigate, and if you don’t, you are a scoundrel,” Contreras said.

During the regime, 3,065 people were killed and/or forcibly disappeared, and 37,000 were held as political prisoners.

Some 1,300 human rights cases are making their way through the courts in Chile, involving crimes like extrajudicial executions, forced disappearances, torture, or illicit association committed between 1973 and 1990.

These cases and others that have been resolved cover 75 percent of the victims of killings or forced disappearance recognised by the state, but only a small portion of the cases of political prisoners who survived torture.

The Forensic Medical Service exhumes the remains of Pablo Neruda in Isla Negra. Credit: Marianela Jarroud/IPS

By Marianela Jarroud
SANTIAGO, Apr 9 2013 (IPS)

The investigation in Chile of the possibility that Nobel Prize-winning poet Pablo Neruda was murdered by the 1973-1990 dictatorship is seen as a major stride forward in the search for truth and justice for human rights crimes that remain unpunished 40 years after the coup d’etat.

The remains of Neruda (1904-1973) were exhumed Monday Apr. 8 from his resting place next to his third wife, the singer Matilde Urrutia (1912-1985), at their seaside home in Isla Negra, 110 km west of Santiago.

Forensic experts will seek traces of biological elements related to the prostate cancer he was being treated for and to a possible poison that he may have been injected with.

The samples will be analysed in laboratories in Chile and perhaps abroad, as offers have come from Canada, Spain, the United States, Sweden and Switzerland. The process could take up to three months.

The exhumation was ordered by Judge Mario Carroza, who is investigating whether or not Neruda died of natural causes, as widely believed until now, on Sept. 23, 1973. He died just 12 days after the bloody coup by General Augusto Pinochet that overthrew democratically elected socialist President Salvador Allende (1970-1973), a close friend of Neruda’s.

“It is extremely important for a judge to say that all cases of human rights violations must be clarified, including the death of Allende (during the coup), of former president Eduardo Frei Montalva (1964-1970) or of Neruda, because that amounts to recognition that the justice system is in debt when it comes to the crimes committed in the dictatorship,” sociologist Manuel Antonio Garretón, winner of the National Humanities Prize 2007, told IPS.

Neruda died in the private Santa María clinic in Santiago four days after he was hospitalised for treatment of the cancer that had not kept him from living a normal life.

Some close to the poet suspected that the cause of death was an injection Neruda was given before he died, which they believe may have contained a poison – probably similar to what presumably killed Christian Democrat leader Frei Montalva in 1982, who at the time was one of the leading opposition figures to the Pinochet dictatorship.

When he died, Neruda, who was born with the name Neftalí Reyes, was 69 years old. He had been a member of the Communist Party of Chile for 28 years, and was preparing to go into exile in Mexico, where he would have been a strong voice of opposition to the regime.

The lawyer for the plaintiffs, Eduardo Contreras, told IPS that there were “strong suspicions” that Neruda was killed by agents of DINA, Pinochet’s secret police.

Contreras noted that around that time, Michael Townley, a U.S. citizen who was a double agent of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of his country and DINA, was active in Chile. He carried out several assassinations by poisoning with chemical substances.

Townley worked with Eugenio Berríos, the chemist who recreated sarin – a poisonous nerve gas invented by the Nazis – and worked with other lethal chemical weapons under the orders of DINA. Berríos was kidnapped and killed in Uruguay in the early 1990s by members of the Uruguayan and Chilean military.

In the days before his death, Neruda’s profound sensibility was overcome when his three houses were raided and looted by agents of the dictatorship.

His most beloved home, in Isla Negra, was looted by the troops, who overturned his seashell and butterfly collections and destroyed paintings, his incomplete writings, and the books, masks, wooden carvings, bottles, pipes and ocean-related memorabilia that filled the shelves of nearly every room.

The military had all of his staff fired, and only his wife and his driver and personal secretary, Manuel Araya, were allowed to stay.

Nearly 40 years later, Araya is at the centre of the lawsuit that the Communist Party filed in court.

“I want the forensic experts to put their hands on their hearts and tell the truth about Neruda,” Araya told IPS. “He didn’t even make a will, because he wasn’t actually dying.”

The sociologist, Carretón, said that above and beyond the question of whether Neruda was assassinated, it is important to investigate the abuses to which he was subjected before his death.

“Let’s suppose that there are no signs that third parties played a role in his death. Nevertheless, crimes were committed that have to do with the raids of his homes and actions that accelerated his death,” he said.

He added that if it is proven that Neruda was murdered, “the repercussions could be big, and many of those who still don’t believe that human rights violations were committed could realise that even the country’s top poet was killed, directly or indirectly.”

Furthermore, the case, involving Chile’s most famous poet, once again trains the spotlight on the human rights crimes that have gone unpunished, he added.

Some 3,000 people were killed or forcibly disappeared and nearly 30,000 were tortured during the 17-year dictatorship.

Neruda’s death certificate states that he died of cachexia, or loss of body mass, weakness and wasting caused by severe chronic illness. But he actually weighed over 100 kilos, according to Araya, and to Mexico’s ambassador to Chile, Gonzalo Martínez, who visited him in the clinic before his death.

A day after he died, the conservative newspaper El Mercurio published a report stating that Neruda had died “of a heart attack, a consequence of the shock suffered after he received a painkiller injection.”

Former judge Juan Guzmán, who was the first to prosecute Pinochet, said the exhumation of Neruda’s remains increased the odds that the homicide theory was correct.

“I imagine that in order to decide to do this, Carroza must have had strong presumptions that he died of causes that had nothing to do with his illness,” he told IPS.

“I used to be skeptical, but after all the investigations that I carried out, many of them involving medical questions, I’m not so sceptical anymore. And I believe it is necessary to investigate when there are indications that a murder may have been committed.”

If it is confirmed that Neruda was killed, “it would be appalling,” Guzmán said. “Pablo Neruda was a man of peace, who embodied peace through his poetry and his personal actions. So for me, more than a murder of a person, it would be the murder of everything he represented.”