Tichaona Mhundu from Zimbabwe's Mashonaland East province. Millions of Zimbabweans say they are unsure about what 2014 holds for them. Credit: Jeffrey Moyo/IPS

By Jeffrey Moyo
HARARE, Jan 14 2014 (IPS)

Evelyn Mhasi, a qualified nurse, has not worked in her profession for the last seven years. Hiring in several Zimbabwean government sectors, including nursing, remains frozen despite colleges churning out skilled professionals each year. 

For many in this southern African nation, the passing of another year only brings with it a deepening dread of the future as many struggle without jobs. According to the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe, the country’s unemployment rate increased to 10.70 percent in 2011 from 4.20 percent in 2004.

However, the United Nations World Food Programme estimates that Zimbabwe’s unemployment rate is about 60 percent. While solid statistics are hard to come by, the vast majority of the country’s workforce is involved in the informal sector.

According to the National Statistics Office, Zimbabwe produces about 36,000 higher education graduates annually.

Mhasi, 29, closely followed the 2014 national budget announcement by Zimbabwe’s Finance Minister Patrick Chinamasa in December.“Zimbabwe faces both a crisis in the economy and in leadership after the rigged 2013 polls." -- Zimbabwe’s former finance minister, Tendai Biti

“I followed the proceedings optimistically, thinking that the government was going to unfreeze some posts for skilled people like me, but to no avail,” Mhasi told IPS.

“Another election may come in 2018 to find me still unemployed,” said Mhasi. “For me, 2014 already looks bleak and my hopes of finding employment are fast fading.”

Former finance minister and member of the opposition Movement for Democratic Change-Tsvangirai, Tendai Biti, told IPS: “Zimbabwe faces both a crisis in the economy and in leadership after the rigged 2013 polls. It’s easy to rig elections, but the economy is a totally different game. Sadly, we are on auto cruise back to the 2008 scenario.”

During 2008, when the country’s disputed election results resulted in a power-sharing government, Zimbabwe experienced an economic meltdown, with hyperinflation reaching 231 million percent.

The Confederation of Zimbabwe Industries, an organisation that develops and promotes business activities, says that a number of industries have already failed to re-open this year because of financial difficulties. However, it was unable to provide any figures.

Independent economist Kingston Nyakurukwa said ordinary people were surviving on shoestring budgets with many unsure about what 2014 held for them.

“Remember that last year’s bonuses for civil servants came in batches, which obviously rendered the entire civil service doubtful about what the future held for them in 2014, and even now people fear how they shall fare in the new year,” Nyakurukwa told IPS.

“With a 2014 national budget of over four billion dollars, but devoid of adequate revenue collections to meet the target, Zimbabwe heads towards an economic plunge this year,” Nyakurukwa added.

For Nyson Chimukwere, a fruit and vegetable vendor from Marondera, a town 80 kilometres east of Zimbabwe’s capital Harare, the year ahead looks gloomy.

“People no longer have enough money to spend,” Chimukwere, 44, told IPS. “These days I’m returning home with my pushcart laden with fruits and vegetables, which now rot at home.”

Chimukwere, a father of four, said his earnings have reduced by almost 75 percent.

“I’m afraid this year I may end up making nothing from my business. I used to take home about 50 dollars daily from my sales, but now things have taken a nasty turn – I take home 15 dollars or even far less,” said Chimukwere.

Rik Davison, who runs the Rik-Davy Glass Company, which employs over 800 people in Zimbabwe’s oldest town Masvingo, also dreads the year ahead.

“Lately [business] declined sharply, leaving us going for several days without making any sales, evident of the uncertainties shrouding 2014,” Davison told IPS, adding that because of this he has failed to pay his employees wages on time.

Davison said that his fears were worsened by the government’s insistence on implementing the Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Act of 2007, which forces foreign-owned companies to cede 51 percent of their shares to local black entrepreneurs. Davison, who is white, has yet to cede his shares.

But Kudakwashe Bhasikiti, a politiburo member of the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front, believes that 2014 is set to be a prosperous year.

“We have nothing to fear here with the indigenisation policy in place, we are sure to give wealth to the black people of Zimbabwe,” Bhasikiti, who is the parliamentarian for Zimbabwe’s Mwenezi East constituency, told IPS.

Some economists predict that public employees may suffer the brunt of a government payroll shortage.

“With revenue collections massively dwindling, this year the Zimbabwean government may fail to sustainably remunerate the already poorly-paid civil servants, after it turned mum on increasing their wages in the budget announcement,” economic expert Agrippa Nhumwe told IPS.

A local banker told IPS on the condition of anonymity that hard times were imminent for Zimbabwe’s local banks.

“With cash shortages rocking indigenous banks here, hard times are set to roll this year, fuelling civilians’ fear in the face of an unpredictable government, which amid such circumstances may at any time re-introduce the dreaded Zimbabwean dollar dumped in 2008,” the banker told IPS.

The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe, which at the height of the country’s economic meltdown was forced to issue a 100 trillion Zimbabwean dollar note, was forced to stop printing money and adopt a multi-currency regime.

For millions of Zimbabweans, it remains to be seen whether or not President Robert Mugabe’s government will succeed in manoeuvring through 2014.

Zimbabwe's thousands of retrenched workers have no option but to work in the informal sector in jobs like vegetable and newspaper vending. Some have even taken on part-time cleaning jobs. Credit: Jeffrey Moyo/ IPS

By Jeffrey Moyo
HARARE, Mar 29 2013 (IPS)

As former Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe employees went to the Labour Court in Harare this week hoping for a ruling in favour of the finalisation of their retrenchment packages, the country’s public and private sectors continue to lay off workers without paying the promised compensation.

Economists in this southern African nation say companies that have had to cut down on their number of employees in order to boost falling profits are finding it hard to raise retrenchment packages for their laid-off workers.

“The country’s economy is underperforming and without local manufacturing occurring, there is little or no money for companies to award retrenchment packages to laid-off workers,” independent local economist Kingston Nyakurukwa told IPS.

Hapson Munjanja, another independent local economist, concurred and added that businesses could not be blamed for being unable to pay their laid-off workers compensation.

“It is not the fault of companies that retrenched workers aren’t getting their compensations, but government policies have never been good for employers to do profitable business as they scare away investors,” he told IPS.

But it has not stopped dismissed workers from seeking compensation. On Mar. 27, 1,456 former RBZ employees were in the Labour Court in Harare, as the bank is yet to pay them their full retrenchment packages after they were laid off in 2011 in a desperate cost-cutting measure. The case was postponed to Apr. 3.

Webster Ngundu, chairperson for the retrenched RBZ workers group, told IPS that their situation had degenerated into a humanitarian crisis.

“With no jobs and with no retrenchment packages, several former RBZ workers and their families are no longer on medical aid. And many of our children are at home because we cannot afford the school fees,” Ngundu said.

“We have several cases where former RBZ workers killed themselves after the bank failed to fulfil its promises, with more retrenched workers succumbing to stress,” said Ngundu.

Mildred Chikukwa, a 37-year-old single mother of four who was let go from RBZ in 2011, told IPS: “Owing to my desperate situation, I may as well opt for commercial sex work to feed my children.”

But RBZ governor Gideon Gono has been on record claiming that the bank has no money to pay retrenched workers due to liquidity challenges. One of the reasons is because the central bank stopped printing money in 2009, opting to adopt a multi-currency regime to beat hyperinflation under the Zimbabwean dollar.

The RBZ is not the only case as several other public and private firms like Rio Zim, a local mining company; Air Zimbabwe and the Cotton Company of Zimbabwe also dismissed hundreds of workers between 2011 and 2012.

While there are no recent figures, a 2009 report by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs stated that the country’s unemployment rate was 94 percent. A great majority now work in the informal sector. And renowned economist Eric Bloch went on record saying that at the peak of Zimbabwe’s economic crisis from 2000 to 2010, an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 workers were retrenched.

Statistics by the Employers’ Confederation of Zimbabwe (Emcoz) show that even after the country’s economic crisis, retrenchments continue.

In 2011, 4,432 workers were retrenched from both the private and public sectors, compared to some 6,972 who were laid off in 2010. In 2012, the Ministry of Labour and Social Services alone approved the retrenchment of 1,681 workers nationwide, bringing to over 6,100 the number of workers the government approved for retrenchment in less than two years.

“Several industries have turned into shops, and the country (has turned) from a manufacturing to a supermarket economy,” Emcoz’s director, John Mufukari, told IPS. He said that retrenchments increased when the country adopted a multi-currency regime, and wages began surpassing production levels.

One top labour ministry official who preferred not to be named told IPS: “Reduced product demand, outdated machinery, lack of raw materials, lack of working capital and low production capacity are the factors leading to retrenchment and the subsequent shut down of industries.”

However, according to economists, Zimbabwe’s retrenchment figures dropped in the first nine months of 2012 to 3,060 from 4,432 in 2011.

Economist Godfrey Dupwa told IPS that this is because there are only a few employees left to retrench.

Percy Mcijo, regional officer of the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions, told IPS that several companies initially failed to pay salaries to their workers prior to retrenching them.

“Due to the hardships they experience living in towns, numerous laid-off workers end up returning to their rural homes, subsequently dying without getting their retrenchment packages,” Mcijo said.

Many retrenched workers, like 44-year-old Donson Mbizi from Harare’s low-income suburb Highfields, have not been able to find steady employment after losing their jobs.

“I lost my job in 2009 at Patchway gold mine in Kadoma District (in Mashonaland West), where I worked for 16 years. Up to now, I haven’t received my compensation and I’m now a vegetable vendor,” Mbizi told IPS.

He said that although he took his grievance to the labour courts, nothing came of it.

But prominent economist John Robertson from Robertson Economic Information Services in Harare questioned the concept of compensation.

“The idea that people are deserving of compensation if their employers can no longer retain them has never been properly justified. The employees’ compensation for their labour was given to them as their wage every month while they were working. Why should compensation continue when their work is no longer needed?” Robertson told IPS.

But chairperson for the Council of Social Workers in Zimbabwe Philip Bohwasi said that the lack of compensation for laid-off workers had a bearing on their dependents.

“The suffering of the retrenched workers is transferred to their families, children and spouses. Tension and stress grows, leading to unwarranted domestic disputes and eventual violence and abuse of children,” Bohwasi told IPS.