Progress on gender equality in the Pacific Islands is gaining momentum following a pledge by political leaders. Credit: Catherine Wilson/IPS

By Catherine Wilson
SYDNEY, Aug 13 2014 (IPS)

A pledge by political leaders two years ago to accelerate efforts toward closing the gender gap in the Pacific Islands has been boosted with the announcement that three women will take the helm of the regional intergovernmental organisation, the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, headquartered in Suva, Fiji.

At this year’s Pacific Islands Forum leaders’ summit in Palau, former Papua New Guinean diplomat and World Bank official, Dame Meg Taylor, was named the new secretary-general, taking over this year from the outgoing Tuiloma Neroni Slade. Taylor, who will hold the post for three years, joins two female deputy secretaries-generals, Cristelle Pratt and Andie Fong Toy.

The appointment is a significant breakthrough for women in the upper echelons of governance. According to Pratt, the Pacific Leaders Gender Equality Declaration made at the 2012 leaders’ summit in the Cook Islands has galvanised leadership action on the issue.

“A positive change has been the indirect creation of a peer review process on gender at the highest level,” Pratt told IPS, adding that gender equality is “slowly gaining traction at the central policy making level”, as high up as the prime minister’s office in some Forum countries.

Raising the status of women in the Pacific Islands is an immense challenge, given that the region has the lowest level of female political representation in the world at three percent, compared to the global average of 20 percent.

Furthermore, violence against women is endemic and they are poorly represented in formal employment. Papua New Guinea (PNG) has a gender inequality index of 0.617 and Tonga 0.462, in contrast to the most gender equal nation of Norway at 0.065.

The declaration is a sign of greater recognition by the male political elite of the critical role women have to play in achieving better human development outcomes across the region.

National leaders have committed to reforms, such as adopting enabling measures for women’s participation in governance and decision-making at all levels, improving their access to employment and better pay, and supporting female entrepreneurs with financial services and training. They have also promised to deliver improved legislative protection against gender-based violence and support services to women who have suffered abuse.

“What is significant about the declaration is that leaders have taken it on board as a priority and I believe our leader took it seriously and followed it through with a law change in Samoa,” Fiame Naomi Mata’afa, Samoa’s minister of justice and veteran female parliamentarian, told IPS.

Last year a law was passed in Samoa reserving 10 percent, or five of a total of 49 seats in parliament for women.

“It is a significant step in that it provides a ‘floor’ as opposed to a ‘ceiling’ and there will never be less than five women in any future parliament,” she continued. “It is important that women are in parliament to be seen and heard and to serve as evidence that it can be done.”

Women’s low political representation ranges from two percent in the Solomon Islands to 8.7 percent in Kiribati, with no female political representation at all in the Federated States of Micronesia and Vanuatu, with populations of 103,000 and 247,000 respectively.

Contributing factors include entrenched expectations of a woman’s place in the domestic sphere, low endorsement from political parties and the greater difficulties women have in accessing funding and resources for election campaigning.

There has been incremental progress in other countries with last year witnessing the first female elected into the parliament of Nauru -the smallest state in the South Pacific – in three decades, and three women winning seats in the Cook Islands national election this July.

Women’s participation in local level governance received a boost in Tuvalu after the government passed a law requiring female representation in local councils. Blandine Boulekone, president of the Vanuatu National Council of Women, noted that women gained five of a total of 17 seats in the Municipal Elections held in the capital, Port Vila, in January.

Gender parity in education, necessary for improving women’s status in all areas of life, has, according to national statistics, been achieved in most Pacific Island states, except PNG, Tonga and Solomon Islands, with girls outperforming boys at the secondary level in Samoa and Fiji.

Nevertheless, the Pacific Islands Forum reported last year that “higher education for young women does not necessarily lead to better employment outcomes due to gender barriers in labour markets”, with most countries reporting less than 50 percent of women in non-agricultural waged jobs.

Last year Samoa passed legislation against sexual harassment and discrimination in the workplace, while similar draft legislation is being developed in Kiribati, Vanuatu and Tonga.

Pratt also claims there has been good progress with “the enactment of domestic violence legislation in Palau, Samoa, Tonga, Kiribati and Solomon Islands.” Last year domestic violence also became a criminal offence in PNG following the passing of the Family Protection Bill.

Sixty to 75 percent of women in the region experience family and intimate partner violence. Their vulnerability is exacerbated by early marriage, the practice of ‘bride price’, low levels of financial independence and women’s inadequate access to justice systems.

However, Shamima Ali, coordinator of the Fiji Women’s Crisis Centre, commented, “As practitioners on the ground, we can say that while all these policies and legislations look great on paper, the implementation is another matter.”

“One also needs to invest financially to ensure new legislation and policies are effective.”

Fiji has had a domestic violence decree since 2009, but Ali said, “While most magistrates and judges deal well and follow the new decrees, there are many who still display traditional entrenched views regarding rape and domestic violence and often injustice is meted out to survivors, particularly for ‘sex crimes’.”

Law enforcement is a great challenge, too, especially in rural communities.

“Women, girls and children in rural and maritime areas have little recourse to justice for crimes of violence committed against them due to lack of police presence and resources in these areas,” she said.

Pratt agrees that the road to real change in the lives of ordinary Pacific women is a long one.

“The declaration is still new and there is a need for more awareness, advocacy and accountability toward meeting the goals,” she emphasised.

Edited by Kanya D’Almeida

U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton was greeted as celebrity-royalty by Cook Islanders during an unprecedented visit at the end of last week to attend a regional meeting of Pacific island nations here.

But while “Auntie Hillary” (as the locals call her, tongue somewhat in cheek) was being enthusiastically welcomed at the tiny Rarotonga airport, China and New Zealand announced a 47.7-million-dollar infrastructure project to improve the water quality for the island’s 11,000 residents.

That announcement was to be made earlier in the day but the press conference was rescheduled and coincided with Clinton’s arrival, forcing international media to make the choice: U.S. or China?

At the official meeting the next morning Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Cui Tiankai reminded leaders of 15 Pacific Islands nations and representatives from another 40 countries including Clinton that China had built more than 80 industrial, agricultural and infrastructure projects in the Pacific island countries over the years.

Some estimates put China’s assistance and low-interest loans at 600 million dollars since 2005, according to Australia’s Lowy Institute.

“China has done many concrete things to support the economic and social development of Pacific island countries, always in light of the needs and interests of the countries concerned,” said Tiankai at the 43rd Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) Post-Forum Partners Dialogue Meeting.

“In extending assistance, China attaches importance to the long-term development of recipient countries to ensure China’s assistance fits their development strategies,” he said.

Tiankai also noted that this was China’s 23rd year participating in the Post-Forum Partners Dialogue that follows the annual region meeting of 14 Pacific Island nations and Australia and New Zealand.

The U.S. has participated as well, sending low-level officials in recent years although it was once had a major presence in the region, especially after World War II. However, in the mid 1990s, the U.S. slashed its foreign assistance and shuttered its regional aid office.

That was then. Now, in one of the world’s smallest and most remote countries, Clinton, Adm. Cecil Haney, commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, and their entourage of 50 staff, security and U.S. media convoyed past the hulking Chinese-built police station and courthouse to the Post-Forum meeting.

“The 21st century will be America’s Pacific century, with an emphasis on Pacific,” Clinton said in her forum address.

She went on to say the U.S. is spending 330 million dollars every year supporting the nations and people of the Pacific Islands. And late last year, Washington opened a USAID office in Papua New Guinea.

“Today, I’m pleased to announce our plans for new programmes total more than 32 million dollars,” she said.

Clinton also promised the U.S. Coast Guard and Navy will help these small island states reduce illegal fishing in their ocean territories that are in the millions of square kilometres in size. Auntie Hillary and former president Bill Clinton spent the weekend in the Cook Islands and this week hopscotch to Brunei, Russia, China, East Timor and Indonesia.

“We are really pleased to have the U.S. re-engaged in the Pacific,” said Henry Puna, prime minister of the Cook Islands, a nation of less than 20,000 people on 15 small islands. Puna quickly followed by saying the China-NZ water infrastructure project is a “huge project for the Cook Islands”.

“We also think this is the first time China has worked with another partner on a development project,” he told IPS.

The Cook Islands are a self-governing parliamentary democracy, with a close relationship with New Zealand, using their currency and its citizens carrying New Zealand passports.

The joint project involves a 25.4-million-dollar low-interest loan that Chinese Minister Cui said had “no strings attached”.

“The Chinese are trying to be good friends to the Cook Islands and the Pacific people generally,” said Derek Fox, a spokesperson for the Cook Islands government.

“China has been active in the Pacific for the past 10 years and particularly the last five,” Fox told IPS.

New Zealand also has a close relationship with China and was the first Western nation to sign a free trade agreement. Recently a Chinese company bought 16 New Zealand dairy farms, a move that was quite controversial amongst New Zealanders, Fox said.

China’s interests in the Pacific include a significant fishing presence. The South Pacific is home to 60 percent of the world’s tuna stocks. China has been given licenses to double the size of its tuna fleet in the Cook Island waters, including building nearly 20 state-of-the art trawlers with flash-freeze abilities.

Fish are one reason for China’s Pacific island affection but so are the region’s 16 votes at the United Nations and other international fora, Fox said.

Everyone welcomes the renewed U.S. interest, especially since with Hawaii it is a fellow Pacific nation, he said. What the U.S. attention really means and what it will cost will be is not known yet.

“I think many here will take a wait and see attitude,” he said.

By Stephen Leahy
Sep 4 2012 (IPS)

The 43rd Pacific Islands Forum was held in Rarotonga, Cook Islands, from 28 to 30 August 2012 involved leaders from the 16 member Pacific nations including Australia and New Zealand. This year’s theme: “Large Ocean Island States – the Pacific Challenge” with major topics including climate change, trade and fishing.

US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton along with more than 500 officials from nearly 60 countries including China, and European Union attended as observers and participated in other meetings in the Cook Islands, some 3000 km northeast of New Zealand.