Prolonged drought can sometimes result in desertification. Credit: Mauricio Ramos/IPS

By Isolda Agazzi
GENEVA, Mar 15 2013 (IPS)

Scientists gathered in Geneva for the first High-level Meeting on National Drought Policy (HMNDP) in over 30 years have identified data collection and sharing as some of the main challenges to effective prevention of drought. Clear goals and strong political will are vital to building policies at the national level, they say.

Jointly organised by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCC), the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO), the meeting from Mar. 11-15 is an attempt to open an international dialogue on national policies.

Despite obvious differences, particularly between the North and South but also within and between specific countries, some obstacles are the same across all regions, starting with the need to promote better data collection and information dissemination.

As Cesar Morales, coordinator of a project undertaken by the U.N. Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLAC) to estimate the cost of inaction before and during a drought, told IPS on the sideline of the conference, “The problem is not only data collection, but also data sharing.”

He says that in Latin America, but also in the other places, the problem is exacerbated by the fact that some institutions refuse to make information and research freely available to civil society, the public or other organisations.

“Presently we are preparing a report for the government of Costa Rica and the national meteorological organisation wants us to pay for their data,” he lamented, adding that in the scientific community, where everybody is competing for the same limited funds, nobody wants to share their information.

“This is a system that comes from the U.S. Introducing some market mechanisms into scientific research can be good, as long as it doesn’t become extreme,” he stressed.

In response to this problem, Latin American scientists at the conference have proposed a transparency policy on data and the creation of national systems of drought-related information.

In Argentina, the National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), the leading national agency for the promotion of science and technology, requires research undertaken using its own resources be offered for free to all users.

Scientists from Latin America also drew attention to the extractive industries, which are not only heavy consumers of water resources, thus aggravating water scarcity and drought, but also contribute to the decline of traditional wisdom on water management.

Experts highlighted the current model of forestry development that is being practiced and promoted throughout the continent — particularly the cutting down of natural forests to make way for monocultures of rapidly-growing water-dependent species like eucalyptus – as an obstacle to drought prevention strategies.

Mining is another major problem in some regions of Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina.

“Original Indian communities live in valleys…where they (use) just enough water to produce food. But mining activities in the region aim to capture all the water to make products with higher market value,” Morales told IPS.

The expulsion of indigenous communities from their lands contributes to the loss of traditional knowledge on how to manage water scarcity and mitigate the effects of climate change. The ancient peoples of Peru, for example, used to transport water in special channels designed to avoid losses and they had appropriate agricultural techniques, in harmony with available resources.

For instance, “This year was declared the year of quinoa,” Morales said. “Recently, this plant had almost disappeared, but it has suddenly become very popular for its high quality proteins. It grows almost everywhere and everybody wants to cultivate it since it is a very good business for export.

“But this plant cannot be cultivated alone and extensively. It needs to be grown with other crops to preserve biodiversity and the fertility of soils.” But agribusiness predominantly favours monocrops over holistic, natural farming practices and is a major driver of drought.

Experts at the conference believe that one way of developing a more efficient system for gathering and distributing information is to have a holistic and multi-sectorial approach to drought.

“Drought is a developmental, not only an environmental, issue. Investing in drought planning can increase gross domestic product (GDP),” Bai-Maas Taal, executive secretary of the African Minister’s Council on Water, told IPS. “But the problem is that the costs of drought are only ‘guesstimated’. Only the primary impacts are calculated, while the longer term ones on activities like agriculture are neglected.”

According to African scientists at the conference, developing coherent national drought policies does not require each country to reinvent the wheel.

In a continent that has experienced severe droughts — which have gone from being episodic to an almost permanent phenomenon — for decades, every country has some kind of institution, policy, or strategy dealing with the issue.

But capacity building and a strong political commitment are lacking, like almost everywhere in the world.

“(We) need coordinated management of drought,” Taal continued. “In Kenya, it is the office of the Prime Minister that coordinates the meetings on climate — since the initiative comes from the highest office, all ministers do participate.” Having directives come from the highest authority in government also enables faster and more efficient dissemination of information.

This was evidenced in the U.S. during the severe 2011-2012 drought, where damages were limited thanks to the National Integrated Drought Information System’s (NIDIS) early warning system.

Echoing the theme of HMNDP – the development of full-fledged drought policies at the national level — Adrian Trotman from the Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, pointed out, “…A drought policy maintains a focus on the goals. Players can change, but goals remain and you can establish and maintain partnerships and coordinate actions while making sure that the policy remains flexible.”

Among the many plans and proposals on the table was one by African scientists to develop insurance schemes so farmers can be compensated in times of drought, and another by scientists from the Southwest Pacific region to explore the establishment of drought “safety nets” to assist specific communities, as was done in Australia, the only country with a comprehensive national drought policy that has enabled it to remove drought as a category from natural disaster emergency relief.

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A member of the Dongria Kondh tribe in eastern India prepares to sacrifice a rooster to ward off drought. Credit: Manipadma Jena/IPS

By Manipadma Jena
HYDERABAD, India, Mar 12 2013 (IPS)

In a country of 1.2 billion people, the threat of drought takes on epic proportions.

Over a period of two centuries (between 1801 and 2002), India experienced 42 severe droughts, according to the Indian Space Research Organisation. One of these, in 1979, cut food grain production by 20 percent; another, in 1987, damaged 58.6 million hectares of cultivated land, affecting 285 million people.

In the last decade (2002-2012) three major droughts hit the country, and in 2012 drought shaved off half a percentage point from the Asian giant’s gross domestic product (GDP), according to a 2013 World Bank report.

Seventy percent of Indians live in rural areas, while 58 percent rely solely on agriculture for a living. The 355 million people who fall below the 1.25-dollars-a-day poverty line depend primarily on rain-fed agriculture for subsistence.

This week, participants in the United Nations’ High-Level Meeting on National Drought Policy (HMNDP) have descended on Geneva, where they will debate preparedness and mitigation strategies from Mar. 11-15.

“The meeting will help evolve integrated efforts to improve early warning system and adopt…policies to enhance food security and reduce vulnerability,” Laxman Singh Rathore, director-general of meteorology at India’s ministry of earth sciences, told IPS from Geneva.

As a member of HMNDP’s International Organising Committee, India is under pressure to tackle a range of issues that exacerbate the impact on drought, particularly on rural populations.

Food security

Despite 2012 being a semi-drought year, “India had 66 million tonnes of food stocks at the start of 2013,” Devinder Sharma, a well-known food and trade policy analyst noted in The Times of India.

“This fiscal year, wheat exports are expected to touch 9.5 million tonnes; rice exports  have already crossed nine million tonnes in 2011-12,” he added.

Over the past 12 years, food production growth has averaged about three percent, higher than India’s annual population growth of 1.5 percent over the last 10 years. Despite experiencing slower agricultural growth than some other Asian countries, India is no longer at risk of drought-related famines, as it was some 20 years ago.

“Evidence suggests that the Indian economy today is ‘drought resilient’ but not ‘drought proof’, the distinction being that once drought proof there is no negative impact on the economy, but in a drought-resilient country, there is a negative but manageable impact,” Jatin Singh of SkyMet Weather Services, a private weather forecasting company, told IPS.

According to the ministry of agriculture’s crisis management plan for 2012, “Drought is not a disaster, but a management issue”.

This new dynamic is partly the result of drought adaptation measures that have expanded farmers’ traditional focus on the ‘kharif’ (summer crop), which relied on the monsoon rains, to include the ‘rabi’, or the winter crop, as well.

There has also been a step-up in the sector’s gross capital formation (GCF), which includes investment in irrigation infrastructure, land reclamation, afforestation and development of government farms.

“The state government also offers crop compensation for areas declared drought hit, crop insurance, watershed programmes, rural livelihood generating schemes, investments on recharging groundwater and, in acute conditions, opening up ‘fodder centers’ for livestock,” Ravindra Adusumilli of the Hyderabad-based Watershed Support Services and Activities Network (WASSAN), told IPS.

But experts say the government will need to do more for the agricultural sector if it wants to prevent incredible hardships for millions of people.

Although agriculture contributed only 14 percent of India’s GDP in the 2011-2012 fiscal year according to the government’s Economic Survey for 2012-203, its importance in maintaining food security during times of drought cannot be underestimated.

Debt and drought

Marginal farmers, with land-holdings of up to one hectare, and small farmers who own one to two hectares, form 80 percent of the agricultural workforce and are the most financially indebted group in rural India – 88 percent of West Bengal, 71 percent of Uttar Pradesh and 70 percent of Odisha are in debt, according to the 2003 Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers.

India’s southern coastal state of Andhra Pradesh sees two major droughts every five years and its rain-fed arid regions are the most drought prone regions in India. In addition, the state is home to 82 percent of India’s indebted farmer households, according to national agriculture statistics for 2012-2013.

In the eastern Indian state of Odisha, 65 percent of farmland is dependent on rain-fed irrigation. Bolangir and Nabrangpur districts are two of the most drought-prone in the country.

If drought is detected early enough, farmers have a slim chance of falling back on farm-saved seeds, or on the rare provision of government-sponsored seeds, to sow their land a second time.

The more likely outcome of weak monsoon rains, however, is that “30 percent of farmland will be left fallow and farmers, with their families, migrate en masse in search of work”, Suresh Chandra Bisoyi of the Bhubaneswar-based Regional Centre for Development Cooperation told IPS.

Experts are convinced that tackling drought includes addressing rural populations’ access to credit and other financial services.

Farm insurance and credit is assuming greater importance, but much needs to be fine-tuned, admit federal and state government officials.

“While agricultural production has grown so have costs. Today the cost of cultivating (sowing to harvesting) a single hectare of…rain-fed land is 30,000 rupees (600 dollars) and up to 42,000 rupees (840 dollars) for a hectare of irrigated land,” Saroj Mohanty, core committee member of the Farmers’ Federation of Western Odisha, which is currently in negotiations with the Odisha state government over fair farm insurance, told IPS.

“The state government’s disaster compensation remains ludicrously low – 2,000 rupees (40 dollars) for a rain-fed hectare and 4,000 rupees (80 dollars) for an irrigated one.

“What is still more unjust is that a farmer may own more farmland but compensation is paid for no more than a hectare per farmer. And while the individual farmer pays the insurance premium, the compensation is calculated on total land damaged in a panchayat  (an administrative union of villages),” Mohanty added.

What is worse, he says, is that tenant farmers are not eligible for insurance compensation because land tenancy is not legal in Odisha. Thus most landless rural peasants and marginal farmers are the worst hit by drought.

“Small farmers in India get less than six percent of farm credit,” according to Sharma. “No wonder farmer suicides show no signs of ending.”

A World Bank report bolstered these claims with the finding that “Rural poor have little access to credit. While India has a wide network of rural finance institutions, many of the rural poor remain excluded, due to inefficiencies in the formal finance institutions, the weak regulatory framework, high transaction costs, and risks associated with lending to agriculture.”

Adusumilli believes that the current national policy is based more on “managing media during periods of drought…and the delivery of the largesse”, than on concrete prevention and mitigation plans.

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