This area in Kibera Slum was among the most affected by the 2007 tribal clash. Residents fear that the controversy over land ownership in Kibera may spark similar violence. Credit: Miriam Gathigah/IPS

By Miriam Gathigah
NAIROBI, Jan 3 2014 (IPS)

Controversy continues to brew here over ownership of the land under Kibera slum, one of Africa’s largest.

Nubians who have lived in the area for more than 100 years want Kibera registered as Nubian land, but their efforts are opposed by countless Kenyans who over the past six decades have also settled there.“People here are ready to fight for what is theirs.” -- Gary Otieno

Nubians first arrived in Kenya as Sudanese soldiers in the British army during the late 19^th century but went unrecognised as an official ethnic group until the 2009 census.

Unable to return home after the Second World War, the colonial government settled the soldiers and their families in the southwest outskirts of Nairobi. The land on which they were relocated was named Kibra, a village which grew into Kibera.

Although Nubians have since laid claim to Kibera, they were never legally recognised as its owners and the land still officially belongs to the government.

“My grandfather Deyeb Aljab was among the first Nubians to be settled in Kibra,” said Hussein Dong’, a landlord in Kibera. “He owned 1.6 acres but we were never given land title deeds.”

The Nubian community, says Dong’, is “concerned over the growing animosity towards us by the other tribes over government’s plans to issue us with land title deeds for 288 acres in Kibera slum.”

But many residents say that they are not against the Nubian community owning land in Kibera, only concerned with their own parcels.

Gary Otieno, who lives in Makina, one of the 13 villages in the slum, told IPS that residents “want the government to share the land in Kibera slum fairly amongst all the tribes that live here.”

“Some of these Nubians have already sold their shanties to people from other communities,” said Otieno. “Will the new owners live in ‘floating shanties’ once the land on which these shanties are built has a title deed belonging to a Nubian who no longer owns that shanty?”

While official government figures count only 15,000 Nubians in Kenya, the country’s Nubian council of elders has contested these figures. Yusuf Diab, an elder and secretary of the council, says that in 2009 there were at least 100,000 Nubians in the country.

Dong’ says the majority of Nubians live in Kibera, with others scattered across the country in major towns.

“We are still growing in numbers. It is unfortunate that while the British settled Nubians in over 4,000 acres of land, we are now being offered 288 acres.”

Human rights activist Felix Omondi, a member of the local lobby group Bunge la Wananchi (people’s parliament) says that the stakes are high over the ownership of land in Kibera.

“It is prime land due to its proximity to Nairobi city. There are many vested interests in Kibera. Powerful investors are also interested. In September 2013, Lands Minister Charity Ngilu said that land in Kisumu Ndogo, Gatwekera, Laini Saba and Kianda has already been sold. Nobody knows who owns this land.”

Omondi says that there are more questions than answers.

“Who sold this land, is it the government or the Nubians? Also, National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) has plans to evict Kibera residents who live close to Ngong River,” said Omondi. “The Kenya-Uganda railway line cuts across the slum and with the recent December accident where a train lost control and smashed into some of the shanties, there are plans to demolish shanties close to the railway line.”

Although a 2009 census reported 170,000 people living in Kibera, the Kibera Law Centre estimates there are over one million crammed into a space smaller than New York’s Central Park.

Kibera’s huge population makes its residents a vital constituency for politicians.

“A majority of them are the from the Luo community and have significant influence over the politics in Nairobi county,” said Omondi. “The slum also provides ready-for-hire youths for political demonstrations and even violence was seen during the disputed 2007 presidential elections. There was a lot of violence and bloodshed in Kibera and none in the adjacent middle class homes.”

Otieno says that the situation is so volatile that if not well handled, it could lead to bloodshed.

“People here are ready to fight for what is theirs,” he said.

Otieno says residents never really recovered from tribal clashes that followed the 2007 presidential elections which saw over 1,000 killed nationwide.

“During the violence, many landlords lost control over their shanties and have since been unable to collect rent from the tenants. Those who held on tightly to their property will not let go.”

But for all the recent tensions, the battle to register Kibera as Nubian land is not new.

“It began in 1938,” said Diab. “Since independence, Kibera has been contested land.”

Although in 1971 parliament passed a bill requiring the government to demarcate and issue titled deeds to Kibera’s rightful owners, the plan was never carried out.

In 2009, the government began a resettlement scheme to relocate Kibera residents from the slum into houses that the government had built not far from the slum, but the project was met with similar controversy and resistance.

Members of the 'Tia Rwabe Zi' peace initiative in Kenya. Credit: Miriam Gathigah/IPS

By Miriam Gathigah
NAIROBI, Jan 10 2013 (IPS)

With less than two months before Kenyans head to the polls for what is shaping up to be the most competitive and polarised general election in the country’s history, many fear that this East African country of over 40 million has not seen the last of electoral violence.

This is in spite of the fact that two top politicians – Uhuru Kenyatta and William Ruto – still await their fate at the International Criminal Court (ICC) on charges of crimes against humanity committed during and after the 2007-2008 election.

Post-election violence, alleged to have been instigated and encouraged by these two politicians, left over a thousand people dead, over 3,000 injured and hundreds of thousands displaced.

“Still, unscrupulous politicians continue to spread their tentacles through Kenya’s sprawling slums. Here (in the slums), for a dollar or two, even less, people will threaten, maim or even kill those expressing opposing political positions,” Peter Muga, a political analyst in Nairobi, told IPS.

Unemployment and poverty have left millions of voters in various slums vulnerable to the lure of politicians who have no qualms about taking extreme measures to silence their opponents.

“But since these politicians don’t have the guts to face their opponents at the ballot, they pay youth in the slums to do their dirty work,” Muga added.

Campaign says “no”

In an effort to avoid the disastrous impacts of election-related bribery and violence that fuelled the 2007-2008 crisis, residents of the notorious Mathare slum – the second largest in Nairobi and home to some 500,000 people – have begun a movement dubbed ‘Tia Rwabe Zi’ (Say No to Ksh 200).

“Politicians give us ksh 200 (about two dollars) to fight those who do not support them,” Julia Njoki, a founding member of Tia Rwabe Zi, told IPS.

“Often, contending candidates are from different tribes. This animosity quickly becomes tribal. As we speak, Mathare has already been zoned, there are some tribes that cannot live or vie for political positions in certain areas,” she added.

According to Njoki, this movement was born out of the death and destruction witnessed during the 2007-2008 post-election crisis, the brunt of which was borne by urban slum dwellers.

“In this movement we are saying no to voter bribery. Most of us are youth, both male and female, and women. We have also been reaching out to others in various slums such as Kibera,” she said, referring to the massive Nairobi slum, one of the largest informal settlements in Africa.

Poverty feeds political affiliation

But the campaign has taken on a gargantuan task and will not have an easy victory.

Even memories of the bloody chapter of 2007-2008 will not deter desperate and impoverished Kenyan citizens from doing what they can to ease the burden of their abject living conditions.

When residents of the expansive Kibera slum invented the ‘flying toilets’, many Kenyans with decent homes and proper toilets found humour in it.

But for the slum dwellers themselves, being forced to defecate in plastic bags and send the contents flying through the air for lack of proper sanitation and waste disposal is no laughing matter.

Neither is having to urinate in plastic containers.

While various stakeholders have responded to the plight of slum dwellers and constructed toilets, not much has changed.

When night falls, communal toilets become a no-go zone due to a lack of security. As a result, many residents wake up to find faecal matter in plastic bags on their doorsteps, left behind by neighbours under the cover of darkness.

“People still use flying toilets because using communal toilets are not free. The money goes into maintenance,” Veronica Wamaitha, a resident of Kibera, told IPS.

On a good day, people living in the slum earn about two to three dollars, but often go an entire week without earning a single coin.

“Yet people have to eat,” Rob Wangai, a resident of the Mathare slums, told IPS. “Nothing is for free in the slums. We have even resorted to using illegally connected electricity; as a result, rarely does a week go by without a fire breaking out somewhere.”

Against this backdrop of people living neck deep in squalid conditions, politicians have found answers to their problems.

“Kenya’s population is largely divided into two, those living under the poverty line and the middle class. The middle class are fairly educated and they understand the concept of self dependency – not so with the poor,” Ken Ochiel, a political analyst in Nairobi, told IPS.

He said that those living in poverty still believe that political leaders hold the key to a better future.

“This is the disease that is eating away at our society. Leaders who have more money and can bribe voters are easily elected. But in truth, they don’t improve the living standards of the poor who vote for them in droves,” explained Vesca Kangongo, who is running for the seat of governor in the Rift Valley Region.

Her views are echoed by the only female candidate for the presidency, Hon Martha Karua, who said, “My brothers who are aspiring for top leadership have a lot of money, some of which was stolen from public coffers. I am urging Kenyans to vote for issue-based leaders who can improve the standard of living in this country.”

Karua has also claimed that politicians are behind the recent waves of violence and murder in the Mathare slums, which stir memories of the 2007-2008 crisis in which Mathare, Kibera and many other major urban slums were transformed into dens of death and destruction as tribes rose against each other.

“In every general election, politicians send their foot soldiers to the slums, since the middle class will not accept two dollars to intimidate, threaten and even to kill,” according to Muga, while the poor are much more susceptible to bribery.

Ochiel agreed. “Politicians know that the middle class are more difficult to lure with promises, compared to people who have to (manage) with one meal per day. Slums are also inhabited by a largely homogenous group that is easy to access.”

Still, the Tia Rwabe Zi campaigners are determined to make a difference this year.

The group holds regular meetings and speaks strongly against violence and idleness “We encourage each other to take odd jobs and even notify each other whenever there is a job opening. People must keep busy to stay out of trouble,” Njoki explained.

While acknowledging that expecting people to turn down bribes in the face of poverty and hunger is a tough call – and that change will not come overnight – she stressed that members of the campaign are convinced that their efforts are a step in the right direction.

(END)