Many refugees return to Afghanistan only to cross back over the border into neighbouring Pakistan a few months later. Credit: Ashfaq Yusufzai/IPS

By Ashfaq Yusufzai
PESHAWAR, Pakistan , Jun 27 2013 (IPS)

Muhammad Shakoor, 42, calls Pakistan home.

Born in Afghanistan’s eastern Nangarhar province, he was bundled across the border during the Soviet invasion of his country in 1979 by his family fleeing the chaos of war.

The mountainous terrain of Peshawar, capital of Pakistan’s northern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, is all he knows. Over the past three decades he has built a humble life here, and now sells vegetables in the city centre.

But his world could soon be turned upside down, if the Pakistan government sticks to its Jun. 30 deadline for repatriating some 1.6 million Afghan refugees who have put out roots in Pakistan’s soil.

For years the government has been extending the deadline for allowing undocumented immigrants to remain in the country, but pressure from an increasingly disgruntled local population fed up with sharing limited resources with tens of thousands of refugees is finally winning out.

For Shakoor, going back across the border is simply not an option.

“I have three children who study in a local school,” he told IPS. “Going back means I will be depriving them of an education.”

He also lamented that a lack of basic services like electricity and water, coupled with a dearth of business opportunities and healthcare in Afghanistan, makes the idea of return a bleak one.

But he might not have a choice.

“The government will take action against illegal Afghans because they are involved in crimes,” Jahangir Khan, a local police offer in Peshawar, tells IPS.

He claims that last year Afghan refugees were involved in 51 percent of the crimes committed in KP, which hosts a million of the 1.6 million Afghan refugees in Pakistan.

Because they are not registered in the system, they are able to get away with crimes like murder and robbery, he charged. “We are recommending that the government send them back as soon as possible.”

His words echo a Sept. 19, 2012 ruling by Peshawar High Court (PHC) Chief Justice Dost Muhammad Khan that the federal government takes all necessary measures to ensure repatriation of undocumented refugees by Dec. 31 of that year.

Khan cited a declining climate of “law and order” as a result of a huge, unauthorised population living and working throughout Pakistan, and referred to the peace process underway in Afghanistan as further grounds for return.

The chief justice also claimed that “unlawful” Afghan business owners were not paying taxes to the local government.

Though the ruling was eventually overturned by order of the Supreme Court, the PHC directive fanned the flames of intolerance among many locals in Peshawar and prompted KP Chamber of Commerce and Industry President Dr. Yousaf Sarwar to point out that so-called unlawful enterprises are putting a strain on KP’s infrastructure and fragile economy.

Such charges turned a hostile spotlight on small business owners who have so far managed to escape scrutiny.

One such entrepreneur, 57-year-old Muhammad Rafi, is now feeling the heat of those impatient for him to leave.

The cloth merchant says he is willing to return, but claims his two sons, both in their early 20s, cannot fathom abandoning their home and moving to a strange land that they have never set foot in.

“They were both born here and are completing their engineering degrees – they have dreams of eventually working in the UK, or some other European country, but not in Afghanistan,” he told IPS.

Jacques Franquin, head of the United Nations Refugee Agency’s (UNHCR) sub-office in Peshawar, says he and his team are working with the government to grant refugees another extension based on the “principles outlined in the Strategic Solutions for Afghan Refugees (SSAR).”

Formulated at a recent conference in Geneva, the strategy “seeks to encourage voluntary repatriation in the fulfillment of the 1951 Refugee Convention,” Franquin said, which underlines the importance of building financial, human, social, physical, and natural assets to empower refugees, and generating sustainable livelihoods for returnees based on access to social services.

Most times, he added, refugees don’t leave their homes out of choice but out of desperation, in a last bid to survive.

He praised the government of Pakistan and the local population for extending hospitality to the refugees and asylum seekers, and applauded the courage shown by Afghan refugees, who have endured three decades of hardship.

The Refugee Agency has been offering each person a 150-dollar incentive package to return home. This programme has yielded some results, with 83,000 Afghans returning to their country last year and 19,000 departing Pakistan in the first six months of 2013.

But these numbers do not tell the whole story. An inefficient security system along the 2,400-km border between the two countries means that thousands of refugees simply cross back into Pakistan each month, again without valid documents, an official speaking under condition of anonymity told IPS.

Experts believe an unstable political situation in Afghanistan, which is preparing for the 2014 withdrawal of NATO troops and a presidential election that will determine the future of the war-torn country, makes northern Pakistan an inevitable destination of thousands for several months to come.

According to a U.N. report, about nine million people, or roughly 36 percent of the population in Afghanistan, live below the poverty line.

Inflation continues to hover at nine percent and very little progress has been made to facilitate private sector development or investment in infrastructure projects that will boost employment.

“Up to 60 percent of returnees are experiencing difficulties rebuilding their lives,” the report stated. “Large numbers of Afghans continue to migrate to cities inside Afghanistan or to neighbouring countries seeking livelihood opportunities.”

A government official who did not wish to be named told IPS that in light of such harsh ground realities, Pakistan’s newly elected federal government will have no choice but to extend refugees’ stay.

Tesfahiwet Medin, 39, fled his native Eritrea and has sought asylum in Israel. Credit: Jillian Kestler-D'Amours/IPS

By Jillian Kestler-D'Amours
TEL AVIV, Jun 24 2013 (IPS)

Tesfahiwet Medin holds a university degree and experience as a nurse. But six years after escaping the violent dictatorship in his native Eritrea, the 39-year-old says he feels like a part of him is missing, as he’s been prevented from continuing in his profession in Israel.

“I’m just like a bus without a motor,” Medin said. “I lost my time, my money, [and] all my energy for 16 years to achieve this profession. Now, I’m not helping my family, I’m not helping my community, [and] I’m not helping my country.”

Medin graduated with a diploma in nursing from Asmara University in 2006, specialising in prenatal care. A year later, he escaped from Eritrea and moved between Sudan, Libya and Egypt before arriving in Israel in 2010.

He spent 15 days in prison upon entering Israel before being dropped in Tel Aviv with no money, no knowledge of Hebrew, and only the clothes on his back. After struggling to find a place to live and finding only manual labour for work, Medin quickly turned to the black market."A lot of these people are well educated or have experience running a business, and they could be very beneficial to Israeli society."
-- Ilana Pinshaw

With the help of a local employment agency, he was finally hired to assist over 100 elderly Israelis living in a retirement home in Hod Hasharon, just north of Tel Aviv. His employer pays the agency his salary, and the agency relays the money to him, after taking a small cut for their services. It’s all under the table, Medin told IPS.

Despite his vast experience, he said that the Israeli government bars him from taking the nurses licencing exam because he doesn’t hold a valid work permit. Today, Medin works an average of 300 hours per month, he said, and makes no more than 5,000 NIS (1,374 U.S. dollars).

Refugee status determination

Israel is a signatory to the 1951 United Nations Refugee Convention, which sets out refugees’ rights and states’ responsibilities towards them. Nevertheless, Israel has not yet formulated a clear policy to determine refugee status. It doesn’t officially process refugee claims and has recognised fewer than 200 asylum seekers as refugees since its creation in 1948.

Today, the United Nations’ refugee agency estimates that just over 54,000 refugees and asylum seekers live in Israel, with the majority coming from Sudan and Eritrea. Because their refugee status is never formally verified, most refugees in Israel hold a “conditional release” visa, which must be renewed every three months and does not allow them to work.

The Israeli High Court ruled in 2011 that employers in Israel would not be fined, or charged, for employing asylum seekers holding a conditional release visa. While the decision effectively allows asylum seekers to work legally in the country, many employers remain hesitant to hire them.

Last year, the Israeli government threatened to fine business owners and mayors of municipalities that employ African refugees. Earlier this month, Israel passed a law severely limiting how much money asylum seekers could withdraw from bank accounts while in Israel and how much money or property can be transferred abroad. The law now makes it almost impossible for refugees to support relatives in their home countries.

“We are focusing on the infiltrators’ departure from Israel. Several thousand infiltrators have already left Israel and we are continuing to work on repatriating the illegal work infiltrators already here,” said Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu after the law was passed.

Exploitation widespread

As a result of employment restrictions, African asylum seekers are often forced to work in the informal sector, where they don’t have social protection or insurance, receive low wages for long hours and are vulnerable to exploitation.

“[A refugee] doesn’t have family here. He doesn’t have community support. He doesn’t have any money from the government. He has nothing. So he’s ready to work 15 hours a day,” explained Orit Marom, advocacy coordinator at the Aid Organisation for Refugees and Asylum-seekers in Israel (ASSAF).

Marom told IPS that Israel’s restrictions are motivated by the government’s hope that strict conditions, which include a policy of imprisoning asylum seekers for at least three years for entering the country illegally, will deter others from coming to Israel. It has constructed a fence along its southern border with Egypt and the world’s largest refugee detention centre for the same purposes.

“This policy is not only harming the very basic human rights of refugees themselves, but also harming Israeli society and especially the very weak populations in the Israeli society,” Marom said.

Even asylum seekers that have succeeded in opening businesses in Israel – mainly clothing stores, restaurants or cafes – face pressure. Last month, Ministry of Health inspectors poured bleach on food and confiscated meat at several refugee-run restaurants in South Tel Aviv after the establishments allegedly failed to meet health standards.

“Rather than saying, ‘This is what you need to do,’ they destroyed all food in the restaurant, including what was on peoples’ plates,” explained Ilana Pinshaw, project manager at Tel Aviv-based microfinance group Microfy, which monitored the case and provides training, mentorships and small loans to asylum seekers in Israel looking to start businesses.

“The perception is that most of (the refugees) are just coming because they’re not making any money where they’re from and they have no skills,” Pinshaw explained. “The truth is that a lot of these people are well educated or have experience running a business, and they could be very beneficial to Israeli society.”

Official status

A recent opinion poll conducted by the Centre for International Migration and Integration (a group funded by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee) reported that about 60 percent of Israelis believe that African refugees pose a danger to Israeli society.

Almost 70 percent of survey respondents also felt that refugees are a burden on the Israeli economy, while 54 percent said they take jobs from Israelis.

According to Tesfahiwet Medin, nothing – including harsh restrictions on work – will deter refugees from coming to Israel if they are fleeing war and persecution in their home countries. The solution to the current hardships asylum seekers face, he said, lies instead with pressuring Israel to examine refugee status claims.

“What’s my status? Am I a refugee? Where is my identity card as a refugee?” Medin said. “We are under registration only. We are under [the government’s] control because every three months we are renewing our visas. They know where we are. They are not looking at what will be our future.”