Development & Aid, Environment, Tierramerica

Scientists Study the Riches of the Mexican Pacific

MEXICO CITY, Jun 29 2009 (IPS) - A rigorous study of the waters and coastline of the Mexican Pacific is a pending task that will be taken on by a group of 30 scientists.

The Pacific coast of Mexico, one of the world's richest in biodiversity, has been the subject of very few scientific studies. A new observatory aims to fill that void.

The coastline includes nature preserves and protected areas that are home to an unknown number of plant and animal species, many of them unique to Mexico.

The Jacques-Yves Cousteau Observatory of Oceans and Coastlines will explore the physical, chemical, biological, climate and socioeconomic characteristics of the area, which will serve as the basis for diagnosis and policies for sustainable management.

The Observatory, product of scientific cooperation between Mexico and France, was inaugurated Jun. 23 and will involve some 30 scientists in its operations.

The Northwest Center for Biological Research, which is part of the National Science and Technology Council's system, serves as its initial headquarters. Located in La Paz, in the state of Baja California Sur, it was chosen for its ongoing academic exchanges with scientific institutions in France.

The Observatory was named in honor of the famous French sea explorer Cousteau (1910-1997), who referred to the Gulf of California (also known as the Sea of Cortez), the waters between the Baja peninsula and the Mexican mainland, as the “world's aquarium.”

“The Sea of Cortez has drawn much attention in recent years. The mangroves there serve as true nurseries for marine species,” Sofía Cortina, attorney for the non-governmental Inter-American Association for Environmental Defense, told Tierramérica.

Further, “the Pacific here is among the most important fishing waters and has some species that are unique, like the vaquita (Phocoena sinus), a small, rare type of porpoise that is on the verge of extinction,” said Leila Monroe, oceans policy analyst with the U.S.-based Natural Resources Defense Council.

Eleven of the world's 232 marine eco-regions are in Mexico. Of those, eight are located along the Pacific coast. The government's National Commission for Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity established around 30 priority marine areas along the seaboard from Chiapas to the U.S. border.

“The environmental value of that area is very important. In states like Guerrero and Oaxaca there are internationally important beaches for some species of sea turtle, like the leatherback,” biologist Ana Barragán, a specialist with the national sea turtle program of Mexico's National Commission for Protected Areas, told Tierramérica.

Mexico has six native sea turtle species, with three found along the Pacific: the black (Chelonia agassizii), leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) and Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea). Today, the population of female leatherbacks is believed to be just 2,000.

Another important habitat is the Upper Gulf of California and Colorado River Delta Biosphere, a protected area of 934,756 hectares, created in 1993.

The area is home to 39 endangered marine species, according to the Red List of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature.

Mexico's mangroves cover about 800,000 hectares (62 percent on the Atlantic coast and the rest on the Pacific coast). Some 10,000 hectares of mangroves – a forest ecosystem typical to coastal wetlands – disappear each year, according to official figures.

A 2008 study of Gulf of California mangroves by Mexican, U.S. and Spanish scientists concluded that the destruction of those ecosystems was causing serious harm to the local fishing industries.

According to the report, more than 26 fisheries of high economic value, which supply annual benefits of about 700,000 dollars per hectare, are sustained by the Gulf's mangroves.

The area “is a huge cradle of biodiversity,” said Barragán.

Mexico registered 113 wetlands, considered to be of global importance, with the Ramsar Convention. The 1971 treaty serves as a framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.

In Monroe's opinion, “one of the most important tasks of the Observatory will be to educate about the importance of marine species and habitat.”

Cortina noted that there is a great deal of research yet to be done. “The Observatory is going to help, by providing objective elements about the area's situation, which will help the government and non-governmental organizations.”

Environmental groups warn that the states of Baja California, Chiapas and Jalisco, all with Pacific coastline, are among Mexico's most vulnerable to the effects of climate change.