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How the U.S. Quietly Lost the IED War in Afghanistan

U.S. Army Pfc. Shawn Williams is evacuated after being injured by a roadside bomb in Kandahar Province on Jun. 17, 2011. Credit: DoD photo

WASHINGTON, Oct 9 2012 (IPS) - Although the surge of “insider attacks” on U.S.-NATO forces has dominated coverage of the war in Afghanistan in 2012, an even more important story has been quietly unfolding: the U.S. loss of the pivotal war of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) to the Taliban.

Some news outlets have published stories this year suggesting that the U.S. military was making “progress” against the Taliban IED war, but those stories failed to provide the broader context for seasonal trends or had a narrow focus on U.S. fatalities. The bigger reality is that the U.S. troop surge could not reverse the very steep increase in IED attacks and attendant casualties that the Taliban began in 2009 and which continued through 2011.

Over the 2009-11 period, the U.S. military suffered a total of 14,627 casualties, according to the Pentagon’s Defense Casualty Analysis System and iCasualties, a non-governmental organisation tracking Iraq and Afghanistan war casualties from published sources.

Of that total, 8,680, or 59 percent, were from IED explosions, based on data provided by the Pentagon’s Joint IED Defeat Organisation (JIEDDO). And the proportion of all U.S. casualties caused by IEDs continued to increase from 56 percent in 2009 to 63 percent in 2011.

The Taliban IED war was the central element of its counter-strategy against the U.S. escalation of the war. It absorbed an enormous amount of the time and energy of U.S. troops, and demonstrated that the counterinsurgency campaign was not effective in reducing the size or power of the insurgency. It also provided constant evidence to the Afghan population that Taliban had a continued presence even where U.S. troops had occupied former Taliban districts.

U.S. Pentagon and military leaders sought to gain control over the Taliban’s IED campaign with two contradictory approaches, both of which failed because they did not reflect the social and political realities in Afghanistan.

JIEDDO spent more than 18 billion dollars on high-tech solutions aimed at detecting IEDs before they went off, including robots, and blimps with spy cameras. But as the technology helped the U.S.-NATO command discover more IEDs, the Taliban simply produced and planted even larger numbers of bombs to continue to increase the pressure of the IED war.

The counterinsurgency strategy devised by Gen. David Petraeus and implemented by Gen. Stanley A. McChrystal, on the other hand, held that the IED networks could be destroyed once the people turned away from the Taliban. They pushed thousands of U.S. troops out of their armoured vehicles into patrols on foot in order to establish relationships with the local population.

The main effect of the strategy, however, was a major jump in the number of “catastrophic” injuries to U.S. troops from IEDs.

In his Aug. 30, 2009 “initial assessment”, McChrystal said the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) “cannot succeed if it is unwilling to share risk at least equally with the people.”

In an interview with USA Today in July 2009, he argued that “the best way to defeat IEDs will be to defeat the Taliban’s hold on the people.” Once the people’s trust had been gained, he suggested, they would inform ISAF of the location of IEDs.

McChrystal argued that the Taliban were using “the psychological effects of IEDs and the coalition force’s preoccupation with force protection” to get the U.S.-NATO command to reinforce a “garrison posture and mentality”.

McChrystal ordered much more emphasis on more dismounted patrols by U.S. forces in fall 2009. The Taliban responded by increasing the number of IEDs targeting dismounted patrols from 71 in September 2009 to 228 by January 2010, according data compiled by JIEDDO.

That meant that the population had more knowledge of the location of IEDs, which should have resulted in a major increase in IEDs turned in by the population, according to the Petraeus counterinsurgency theory.

But the data on IEDs shows that the opposite happened. In the first eight months of 2009, the average rate of turn-ins had been three percent, but from September 2009 to June 2010, the rate averaged 2.7 percent.

After Petraeus replaced McChrystal as ISAF commander in June 2010, he issued a directive calling for more dismounted patrols, especially in Helmand and Kandahar, where U.S. troops were trying to hold territory that the Taliban had controlled in previous years.

In the next five months, the turn-in rate fell to less than one percent.

Meanwhile, the number of IED attacks on foot patrols causing casualties increased from 21 in October 2009 to an average of 40 in the March-December 2010 period, according to JIEDDO records. U.S. troops wounded by IEDs spiked to an average of 316 per month during that period, 2.5 times more than the average for the previous 10-month period.

The Taliban success in targeting troops on foot was the main reason U.S. casualties from IEDs increased from 1,211 wounded and 159 dead in 2009 to 3,366 wounded and 259 dead in 2010.

The damage from IEDs was far more serious, however, than even those figures suggest, because the injuries to dismounted patrols included far more “traumatic amputation” of limbs – arms and legs blown off by bombs – and other more severe wounds than had been seen in attacks on armoured vehicles.

A June 2011 Army task force report described a new type of battle injury – “Dismount Complex Blast Injury”– defined as a combination of “traumatic amputation of at least one leg, a minimum of severe injury to another extremity, and pelvic, abdominal, or urogenital wounding.”

The report confirmed that the number of triple limb amputations in 2010 alone had been twice the total in the previous eight years of war.

A study of 194 amputations in 2010 and the first three months of 2011 showed that most were suffered by Marine Corps troops, who were concentrated in Helmand province, and that 88 percent were the result of IED attacks on dismounted patrols, according to the report. In January 2011, the director of JIEDDO, Gen. John L. Oates, acknowledged that U.S. troops in Helmand and Kandahar had seen “an alarming increase in the number of troops losing one or two legs to IEDs.”

Much larger numbers of U.S. troops have suffered moderate to severe traumatic brain injuries from IED blasts – mostly against armoured vehicles.

Statistics on the total number of limb amputations and traumatic brain injuries in Afghanistan were excised from the task force report.

In 2011, U.S. fatalities from IEDs fell to 204 from 259 in 2010, and overall fatalities fell from 499 to 418. But the number of IED injuries actually increased by 10 percent from 3,339 to 3,530, and the overall total of wounded in action was almost the same as in 2010, according to data from iCasualties.

The total for wounded in the first eight months of 2012 are 10 percent less than the same period in 2011, whereas the number of dead is 29 percent below the previous year’s pace.

The reduction in wounded appears to reflect in part the transfer of thousands of U.S. troops from Kandahar and Helmand provinces, where a large proportion of the casualties have occurred, to eastern Afghanistan. The number of IED attacks on dismounted patrols in the mid-July 2011 to mid-July 2012 period was 25 percent less than the number in the same period a year earlier, according to JIEDDO.

The Pentagon was well aware by early 2011 that it wasn’t going to be able to accomplish what it had planned before and during the troop surge. In a telling comment to the Washington Post in January 2011, JIEDDO head Gen. Oates insisted that the idea that “we’re losing the IED fight in Afghanistan” was “not accurate”, because, “The whole idea isn’t to destroy the network. That’s maybe impossible.”

The aim, he explained, was now to “disrupt them” – a move of the goalposts that avoided having to admit defeat in the IED war.

And in an implicit admission that Petraeus’s push for even more dismounted patrols is no longer treated with reverence in the ISAF command, the August 2010 directive has been taken down from its
website.

*Gareth Porter, an investigative historian and journalist specialising in U.S. national security policy, received the UK-based Gellhorn Prize for journalism for 2011 for articles on the U.S. war in Afghanistan.

 
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  • Police Story

    Why don’t the Generals take a walk with the troops during dismounted patrols. I guess it’s easy to order troops into harms way on a theory that may or may not work, but placing their lives in peril to prove it. I think the Generals should think about American lives and doing everything possible to save them instead of trying to stop a war that has been fought for hundreds of years.

  • Big Fat Fred

    What an illuminating article! Smells considerably like real journalism. Very refreshing. Thank you.

  • abouthadit

    the US military is always fighting the last war. How about just come home?

  • Hakan

    Why do Americans love to plunder, mass murder and steal, while calling themselves civilized and their victims “terrorists” in the process?

  • tom8422

    I have a problem with the article’s findings and its central thesis. Reading the data that I see, one would say that the war on IEDs is not over (maybe it will never be over), but it hasn’t been lost, and the bad numbers that occurred in earlier years, appear to be
    improving.

    This site, ( http://www.icasualties.org/oef/ ) has done a very good job tracking all casualties (deaths) during the war in Afghanistan. This site is maintained by non-military people, and it tracks somewhat different data from the data quoted. It tracks total ISAF rather than just US casualties, and it tracks deaths rather than “total
    casualties,” which the article uses. However, while the data used is not the
    same, the data trends ought to be very similar.

    If you go to the graph in the right hand column titled “IED deaths by year,” you will see the trends that I am talking about. You can see that overall deaths in Afghanistan are down from a high in 2010. IED deaths during the same time period have dropped more precipitously—and IED deaths as a percentage of total deaths are decreasing not increasing. Another way to look at the data is that after extending 2012 totals out to the end of the year on a pro rata share basis, IED deaths will be lowest since 2007–and this decrease occurred during the increased fighting on the surge period.

    So how can the trends that you cite be correct? Are the “other” casualties (death plus non-death) in the war changing at a different rate and in a different direction? That’s hard to believe!

  • Mike

    Gareth Porter is a Liberal writer, writing for a “press service” funded by al jazeera- google him and just look at this site’s partners. This article is a scam! The increase in IED attacks during the period he discussed directly corresponds to the increase in NATO troops on the ground in Afghanistan. As the troop size doubled- more troops moving around on the battlefield- more IED attacks occurred- there were more targets.

    He conveniently leaves out many other facts that counteract successes on the battlefield. With the success in Iraq, Al Qaeda forces increased operations in AFG- essentially, as US forces surged, AQ extended their operations as they were kicked out of Iraq. This means that while IED fighting capability increased, this of course was seen against a heightened effort by AQ to counteract the effectiveness of the NATO surge. One thing US troops and their NATO partners have improved upon was their ability to diminish AQ-supported Taliban attacks. That is a fact. This article states facts about IED attacks that are true, however the liberal, freelance writer makes false statements for the sole purpose of creating provocative material- and to get paid.

  • YesMinster

    @ Mike “With the success in Iraq,” Which Kool Aid have you been drinking? The whole Iraq/Afg conflict is a political, social and military disaster. ISAF has been in Afg as long as WWI and WWII combined – and what have we achieved? – lots of mainly Afghani and Iraqi corpses, five thousand dead military and a few less dead ‘freedom fighters’. No security, no equality for women, worse health care and many more terror attacks than under Saddam. The Afghani people are dying, literally, to see ISAF leave so that they can return to a sustainable way of life for them that has existed for millenia.

    As Oliver Cromwell said to Parliament “You have sat too long for any good you have been doing lately …
    Depart, I say; and let us have done with you. In the name of God, go!”

  • Diogenes

    The wrong question is being asked. We should be asking where the explosives for these IEDs come from – the Taliban have no industry or revenue apart from opium trafficking.Where are they getting their weapons, their ammunition, their funds to pay their fighters. Locate and destroy these sources in Pakistan, the Gulf States and in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the Taliban will implode from within.

  • Belden Erhart

    Betrayus & Micky should of been ‘leading by example’ but as ‘elites’ – send poor kids to be maimed. 113th congress should be selected by ‘riding around’ Afghan till who survives wins district. TIME to leave AfPak to the ‘stone age’. Mine the 50 largest cities with appropriate sized Neutron picture takers in the event any crimes traced to them – if so,
    smile for the picture…

  • IH8Dook

    People always talk about IEDs as if there is only 1 type of device. That’s like saying the USA has failed to stabilize crime in the country because it still happens. I cant imagine how many lives we would have lost, nor the terror on US soil if we had not developed jammers (CREW systems). RC-IEDs would be prolific.

  • Slickfoot

    Reasonable rules of engagement, instead of these absurd ones in place eg. no shooting at terrorists planting IEDs after dark, so as to not disturb the locals.

  • http://pislamonauseacentral.blogspot.com/ Gary Rumain

    Are the IEDs all simply pressure sensitive or are there some that can be remote detonated? If it’s the latter, well accidents happen 😉

  • http://pislamonauseacentral.blogspot.com/ Gary Rumain

    I understand that most are being supplied from Iran and some from Pakistan. Blocking the sources or laying down land mines seems an apropos solution.

  • http://pislamonauseacentral.blogspot.com/ Gary Rumain

    LOL! You’re so funny!

    “The Afghani people are dying, literally, to see ISAF leave so that they can return to a sustainable way of life for them that has existed for millenia.”

    That’s a keeper!

  • Slickfoot

    IED simply means it is not an over-the-counter device and can be anything, initiated any way, limited only by imagination, the remote type are generally referred to as command detonated.

  • Slickfoot

    Why don’t you ask the current administration, who are making the rules of engagement untenable… Don’t think for one damn minute that officers do not care about their men, or casually waste them.

  • http://pislamonauseacentral.blogspot.com/ Gary Rumain

    Yes, I’m familiar with what it means but I don’t really know anything about how they go about making them – apart from the basics.

  • Slickfoot

    Try googleing a book published years ago an underground cult classic named ‘The Anarchist’s Cookbook’ and was just chock full of helpful tid-bits on how to make all sorts of nastys. We were actually issued manuals on what the local insurgents were making, and what they needed to make them.

  • http://pislamonauseacentral.blogspot.com/ Gary Rumain

    Yes, I’d heard of that. I think it can be found on the net. I thought the tech was a little more modern now with the use of mobile phones and the like.

  • Slickfoot

    Modern electronics have brought a whole new dimension to the mix, but still, all you are looking for are things that can close/open an electrical circuit, in order to cause rapid case expansion.

  • johnny

    I have to give the Afghans a lot of respect, standing up against an invading army like that. It takes guts, and lots of them have died for that cause.

    Nice to see they can use their brains to pull together a real opposition in spite of limited resources!

  • http://pislamonauseacentral.blogspot.com/ Gary Rumain

    Yep. The principles of remote detonation are much the same too, regardless of what’s actually used.

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